22.101 Introduction to Human Geography (Gen. Ed. Goal 9)
An introduction to geography, focusing on its relevance to contemporary man. Emphasis is placed on basic concepts and the geographic point of view

22.110 World Regional Geography (Gen. Ed. Goals 9, 11)
An introduction to the nature and scope of geography, the techniques and applications of geography, and the geographical context of current social, economic, political, and environmental problems in the major regions of the world. Course focuses mainly on non-Western regions.

22.114 Geographical Techniques - Research Methods
A basic introduction to the skills and techniques needed by geographers. Course includes essentials of map reading, interpretation, data collection and entry, questionnaire design and administration, spatial sampling design, research statement hypothesis formulation, research management, and proposal writing.

22.135 Introduction to Environmental Studies (Gen. Ed. Goal 10)
An introduction to the political, economic, ethical, cultural, scientific, and geographical conditions that have framed environmental issues in the United States. Critical analysis of specific environmental issues such as over-fishing, deforestation, nuclear sites, and air pollution will be used for examination of environmental policies and the many variables that affect these policies.

22.180 Native Americans: A Geographical and Legal Perspective (Gen. Ed. Goal 10) An introduction to Indian law and the unique relationship between the tribes and the federal and state governments. This body of law can have radically different effects on tribes depending in part on their geographical location. The course then examines certain tribal issues in depth, and explores how the geographical location of the tribe and the corresponding climate and terrain make these issues unique to the tribe.

22.201 Economic Geography
An introduction to geography as a social science focusing on the spatial organization of man’s economic activities. Emphasis is on factors influencing their occurrence and distribution, and on the geographical problems of selecting the best location or the best use of a given location for agriculture, manufacturing, and service activities.

Prerequisite: Sophomore standing.

22.203 Introduction to Physical Geography
A geographical analysis of the physical phenomena and processes on the surface of the earth, emphasizing weather elements, patterns of climate and vegetation, soil, water features, landforms, and topography.

22.206 Political Geography (Gen. Ed. Goals 9, 12)
A spatial analysis of the rise of the nation state and a comparative examination of political structures and processes within states. Geopolitical processes, such as imperialism, are studied through time and space. The formation of new types of political and social movements at a number of global and local levels is discussed. In addition, the role of class, race, and gender is explored as it relates to issues of power and uneven access to power over space.

22.211 Cultural Geography (Gen. Ed. Goal 9)
A study of spatial variations among cultural groups and the spatial functioning of society. The course focuses on contemporary issues related to the ways language, religion, economy, government, and other cultural phenomena vary or remain constant from one place to another. The study of cultures is organized around five themes: cultural region, diffusion, ecology, integration, and landscape.

22.212 Geographic Perspectives on the Environment
An introductory survey stressing the geographic approach to the study of man/land relationships. Emphasis is placed on the impact of human activities on the environment and on conflicts between resource exploitation and environmental quality. Contemporary geographic themes concerning the environment: perception, natural resource utilization, modification by urbanization, and environmental regions are studied. Particular focus is on New England and the United States.

Prerequisite: Sophomore standing or permission of instructor.

22.214 Geographical Techniques - Quantitative Methods
A basic introduction to the skills and techniques needed by geographers. The course focuses on geographic applications of quantitative methods and uses the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) software for analysis and presentation of data.

22.215 Religion as a Geographic Phenomenon
A study of religious systems and their geographic characteristics; religious organization of space; origins of organized religions; distribution of religions; attitudes towards contemporary ecological problems conditioned by religious ideology; and comparisons of such attitudes between ancient matriarchal nature religions and more modern patriarchal religions.

22.216 Introduction to Geographical Information Systems
An introduction to the use of Geographical Information Systems (G.I.S.) in analyzing spatial data, including methods of data acquisition, and the theory and design of G.I.S. storage and to various aspects of retail location, urban planning, and environmental concerns.

Prerequisite: Prior knowledge of computers, with permission of instructor, or 63.151 Personal Computer Fundamentals and Applications.

22.222 Geographic Perspectives on Globalization (Gen. Ed. Goal 11)
An examination of globalization as a spatial process. Economic, social, political, and cultural analyses are integrated to look at geographically uneven development, the spatial expansion of power systems, which take many forms, and economic and environmental issues between nation states and global governance institutions.

22.225 Population, Food, and Global Development (Gen. Ed. Goal 12)
A critical examination of a fundamental problem facing contemporary civilization: how to address the relationship between the increasing size of the global population and limited natural resources. The availability, production and consumption of food in particular, are fraught with problems subject to debates and ideological positionings. These particularly concern inequities of race, class, and gender embedded in power relationships between Third world producers and First world consumers. Alternative analyses are presented using development theory and commodity chain analysis to look at global uneven development through the connections between food consumption in the global core with food production in the global periphery. The course concludes by looking at the emergence of social movements, which attempt to connect Third World agricultural producers with First World consumers.

22.230 Geography of Natural and Man-Made Hazards
A geographical analysis of selected hazardous conditions of the natural and man-made environment at global, regional, and local levels. In a given semester, the course may emphasize natural or man-made hazards. Specific natural hazards covered include earthquakes and volcanoes; hurricanes, tornadoes, and severe storms; coastal flooding and erosion; and river flooding. Specific man-made hazards include nuclear power plants, toxic wastes, transportation and treatment of hazardous materials, structure fires and arson, and terrorism. Field trips are included.

22.235 Environmental Law and Policy
An introduction to the law as it applies to environmental policy. After an overview of the workings of the judicial system and of the nature and kinds of law, the course examines the National Environmental Policy Act and its application to the protection of air and water resources and to issues of hazardous waste. Advocacy, social, and economic issues related to the use of public lands and resources are addressed. The course is designed for the non-legal student whose citizen participation or future public service would be enhanced by such knowledge.

22.240 Municipal Land Use
An overview of legal and policy matters as they apply to land use in local municipalities. Topics include zoning and subdivision regulations, wetland protection, comprehensive permits, and protection of open space.

22.250 Geography of the United States and Canada (Gen. Ed. Goal 10)
A broad regional survey of the natural and cultural landscape features of the United States and Canada, with emphasis on processes of urban-economic development and changing patterns of population, settlement, and land use.

22.251 Geography of New England
A survey of the natural landscape features and the present geographical development of New England as a representative region of the United States. Emphasis is on the emerging patterns and issues of the region’s economic and urban development and how it interacts with North America and the world. Field trips.

22.252 Geography of Europe
Geographical factors which have contributed to the natural and cultural landscape of modern Europe, excluding the former U.S.S.R.

22.253 Geography of Russia and the Former Soviet Republics (Gen. Ed. Goal 11)
A regional survey of the fifteen successor states of the Soviet Union. Emphasis is on the changing patterns of economic and cultural geography.

22.254 Geography of Monsoon Asia
An analysis of Southern, Southeastern and Eastern Asia in terms of their natural environment, population distribution and problems, regional divisions, and current problems of economic development.

22.255 Geography of Sub-Saharan Africa (Gen. Ed. Goal 11)
An examination of the physical and cultural landscape of Africa south of the Sahara, with special emphasis on the native cultures of the area and their influence on the landscape; the revolutionary effects of European interventions and conquests; and the modern political, cultural, and economic climates.

22.256 Geography of the Middle East (Gen. Ed. Goal 11)
Physical, cultural and political environments which contribute to the instability that exists in Southwest Asia and North Africa.

22.257 Geography of Latin America (Gen. Ed. Goals 11, 12)
An exploration of Latin America’s cultural, political, and economic characteristics. Issues of development, gender, and changing position in the global system are examined. Particular attention is paid to the pre-Columbian historical geography of the continent and the problems presently facing indigenous peoples.

22.260 Introduction to Urban Studies and Planning in the United States
A survey and analysis of the geographic forces that necessitate urban planning in the United States. Topics covered include the history of urbanization and planning in the United States, the geographic study of cities and towns with emphasis on the origins and problems of urban sprawl, and various other urban problems of American cities and towns that necessitate land use planning and zoning. Local field trips are included.

22.290 Non-Western Regional Geography: Field Study (Gen. Ed. Goal 11)
An exploration of a non-Western geographical region through an actual field study. The focus is on the physical and cultural geography of the visited area, with special emphasis on the significance of historical, cultural, and recreational sites on the changing patterns of economic, political, and cultural geography. Location is announced when offered.

22.339 Methods for Planning Analysis and Plan Making
A focus on the specific techniques of city plan preparation and presentation, and on the methods of involving local citizens in the planning process. Among the techniques included are site analysis, field surveys, mapping and graphics for data presentation, and organizing public participation workshops. Computer applications for planning are surveyed.

22.368 Community Development
An examination of the methods of community development including industrial promotion, retail revitalization, downtown renewal, and tourism development. Emphasis is on techniques to assist and encourage business growth and retention. Field trips and practical exercises including preparation of community development handbooks are included.

Prerequisite: 22.201 Economic Geography or permission of the instructor.

22.370 Location Theory
A survey of the classical and current location theories, which are used by geographers, planners, and site analysts. Location theories include agricultural, industrial, retail, and service locations. Concepts, methods, and techniques of spatial distribution, spatial function, and spatial relationships are emphasized. Cartographic analysis and GIS applications are major parts of the course.

Prerequisite: 22.201 Economic Geography or permission of instructor.

22.375 Resource Management
An analysis of resource control methodologies. Emphasis is on territorial and developmental impacts of political decisions regarding resources, conflicts between technological and ecological approaches to environment quality, national and international aspects of resource exploitation and utilization. This course includes preparation of environment impact statements, study of laws relating to the use and abuse of the environment, and field trips.

Prerequisite: A course on environment or permission of the instructor.

22.400 Cosmos (Specific title to be announced when offered)
An analysis of a contemporary social, economic, environmental, or regional problem from a geographic perspective. The specific focus of the course varies but emphasis is always placed on the geographer’s contribution to understanding the issues involved.

Prerequisite: Permission of instructor may be required.

22.490 Internship in Geography
A supervised practical experience in a public or private agency, appropriate to the student’s training and interests. Admission to this course must be approved by the Geography Department according to published departmental guidelines.