Framingham State College 2001-2002 Undergraduate Catalog: History

Chair: Nicholas Racheotes

Professors: Joseph Harrington, P. Bradley Nutting, Nicholas Racheotes
Assistant Professors: Richard Allen, Jon Huibregste, Roberta Roberts
Adjunct Professor: Robert B. Grant
Instructor: Daniel Breen

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The General Education Requirement

All students must satisfy a general education requirement consisting of twelve (12) courses (see page 32). General Education Goals 8 (Historical Studies) and 11 (Study of the Constitutions) are covered in courses required of History majors. While students majoring in History may elect general education courses from outside the department that satisfy these goals, they are not required to do so.

HISTORY MAJOR

The Department of History offers courses for a general introduction to the history of civilization and a more specialized knowledge of particular historical topics and chronological periods. The major must concentrate in either American or European/World history. Within these principal areas, additional concentrations are available. The program has also been designed to permit the student to take a double major if desired. For example, while majoring in History, a student may take the courses required of majors in Politics or Economics.

There is room in the History major's program to accumulate the five courses leading to a minor in another field. A minor in Secondary Education will lead to teacher certification in Massachusetts. A student with Massachusetts certification can teach in more than half of the fifty states. This wide range of choices open to the History major enables the student to prepare not only for graduate studies in history, museum and archival work, library science, or public administration, for example, but also for job opportunities in teaching and in business.

Departmental Requirements for the Major:

Six (6) core courses:

32.151 United States History to Reconstruction
32.152 United States History since Reconstruction
32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance
32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance
32.250 Historical Research and Writing
32.444 Seminar in American History or 32.484 Seminar in European/World History

All of the above courses, with the exception of the Seminar, should be taken prior to the end of the sophomore year. The Seminar is in the area of the student's concentration.

Remaining six (6) courses as follows:

Four (4) are to be elected from the intermediate division in the student's concentration. The remaining two (2) courses must be taken at the intermediate level in the area which is not in the student's area of concentration.

The Department also offers the major who is interested in more unconventional learning experiences a number of internships and independent-study opportunities.

All History majors are required to have intermediate-level knowledge of at least one foreign language. Depending on prior preparation, this may necessitate taking 0-4 courses. One of these courses may be used to fulfill the General Education Language goal. The intermediate level may be met in one of several ways: 1) completion of a college-level Intermediate II language course; 2) placement test score of 80 or above; 3) waiver from the Chair of the Modern Languages Department if high school academic language is other than English (usually applies to international students); four years of a single language in high school; achievement of level 4 in a single language in high school.

In addition, the History Department encourages its majors to acquire the following skills: personal computer use and/or quantification by means of such courses as 63.151 Personal Computer Fundamentals and Applications, 43.117 Introduction to Statistics, and/or 43.119 Mathematics and Its Applications.

AMERICAN CONCENTRATION (HIA)

Lower division courses: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance and 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction and 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, and 32.250 Historical Research and Writing are required of all History majors and should be taken before they have earned 16 course credits toward graduation.

Intermediate division courses: (Four courses from the American concentration and two courses from the European/World concentration are required.)

32.302 Colonial America
32.304 The American Revolution
32.306 Jeffersonian through Jacksonian America
32.307 Maritime History of New England
32.308 American Civil War Era
32.310 Emergence of a Modern Nation
32.312 America in Crisis
32.314 United States Diplomatic History
32.316 American Intellectual History
32.318 Religion in America
32.321 Immigrants, Ethnics, and Racial Minorities in United States History
32.322 American Presidency
32.326 Women in American History
32.336 Latin America From the Conquest to the Present
32.340 Industrial and Labor History of the U.S.
32.341 Total , Limited, and Cold: America at War in the 20th Century
32.495 Independent Study
32.496 Internship for History majors

Upper division course requirement:

32.444 Seminar in American History

EUROPEAN/WORLD CONCENTRATION (HIE)

Intermediate division courses: (Four courses from the European/World concentration and two courses from the American concentration are required.)

32.350 Independent Study Tour
32.362 Ancient Greece: From the Homeric through the Hellenistic Age
32.364 Ancient Rome: The Republic and the Empire
32.366 Medieval Europe: Its Ideas and Institutions
32.368 Intellectual History of Early Europe
32.370 Intellectual History of Modern Europe
32.375 Superpower Diplomacy
32.376 History of Modern France
32.378 Modern Britain
32.380 Blood, Iron, and Republics: Germany from 1866 to the Present
32.382 Empires in Collision: Southeastern Europe, 1683 to the Present
32.383 History of the Middle East
32.385 Hitler, Lenin, Mao: Portraits in Power
32.388 The Path to Modernity: Russia from 1682 to the Present
32.390 History of Modern China
32.392 Africa and the World
32.495 Independent Study
32.496 Internship for History majors

Upper division course requirement:

32.484 Seminar in European/World History

COORDINATE MAJOR IN EARLY CHILDHOOD OR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Students pursuing certification in either Early Childhood or Elementary Education may combine a major in History with the Coordinate Major in Education. The Department also sponsors the Interdisciplinary Major in Social Sciences. For a complete description of these programs, refer to the Education section of the catalog, or consult Dr. Robert Grant, May Hall 304, the History Department advisor for Coordinate Majors in Education.

MINOR IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

The History Department requires that prior to student teaching the student must have taken all of the education courses listed on page 82 of the College Catalog, plus nine (9) history courses and two (2) social science courses. See page 82 of the College catalog for further information on teacher education.

To be eligible for teacher licensure, state regulations require study of at least one region, country or race outside both Europe and the United States. Students taking such courses as 32.336 Latin America from the Conquest to the Present, 32.383 History of the Middle East, 32.384 India in the Age of Empire, 32.387 History of South Africa, 32.390 History of Modern China or 32.292 Africa and the World may also use them in satisfaction of departmental intermediate level requirements.

State regulations also require study of geography, economics, government, and the history and philosophy of science. Students must take 12.101 Principles of Macroeconomics, 22.110 World Regional Geography, and 62.110 Introduction to American Politics as part of General Education requirements. 42.212 Adolescent Psychology will not be required for middle school licensure and, for history majors minoring in secondary education. The History Department language requirement will be reduced to elementary knowledge rather than intermediate knowledge. History majors who do not complete the secondary education minor must meet the intermediate language requirement.

MINOR IN HISTORY (5 courses)

Five (5) courses acceptable for a History major (not including internships).

MINOR IN AMERICAN STUDIES (5 courses)

To earn a minor in American Studies, a student must apply in writing to the Chair of either the English or History Departments and have a sequence of courses designed and approved to meet specific goals. Applications are available in the office of either Chair. For the courses in the American Studies program see page 29.

MINOR IN LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES (5 courses) (see page 29)

MINOR IN MUSEUM STUDIES (7 courses) (see page 30)

History Courses Appropriate for General Education (Gen.Ed.)

Courses

32.151 United States History to Reconstruction
32.152 United States History since Reconstruction
32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance
32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance
32.155 Honors: The Comparative History of World Civilizations
32.302 Colonial America*
32.308 American Civil War Era*
32.312 America in Crisis*
32.318 Religion in America*
32.321 Immigrants, Ethnics, and Racial Minorities in U.S. History*
32.322 American Presidency*
32.326 Women in American History*
32.336 Latin America from the Conquest to the Present*
32.340 Industrial and Labor History of the United States*
32.362 Ancient Greece: From the Homeric through the Hellenistic Age*
32.364 Ancient Rome: The Republic and the Empire*
32.366 Medieval Europe: Its Ideas and Institutions*
32.370 Intellectual History of Modern Europe*
32.375 Superpower Diplomacy*
32.376 History of Modern France*
32.378 Modern Britain*
32.380 Blood, Iron, and Republics: Germany from 1866 to the Present*
32.382 Empires in Collision: Southeastern Europe, 1683 to the Present*
32.383 Making of the Modern Middle East*
32.384 India in the Age of Empire*
32.387 History of South Africa*
32.388 The Path to Modernity: Russia from 1689 to the Present*
32.390 History of Modern China*
32.392 Africa and the World*

Goal(s)

10,11
10,11
8
8,11
8,13
12
12
10
15
12
10
12
12,13
10
8
8
8
15
8
8
8
8
12
13
12, 13
12, 13
8
13
13

*Indicates course has prerequisite

Course Descriptions
from the 2001-2002 Undergraduate College Catalog

32.121 History of Boston

A study of the history of Boston from Puritan town to sprawling metropolitan area. Important topics include social structure, religion, political leadership, cultural institutions, and increasing ethnic and racial diversity. Physical changes in the Boston landscape and patterns of suburbanization and neighborhood strength are also examined. This course cannot be counted toward the History major.

32.151 United States History to Reconstruction (Gen.Ed. Goals 10,11)

A political, economic, social, and cultural survey of American history from the Age of Discovery to Reconstruction. The course covers the movement of the colonies toward revolution and independence, the formulation of the Constitution, and the conflict between nationalism and sectionalism culminating in the Civil War.

32.152 United States History since Reconstruction (Gen.Ed. Goals 10, 11)

A survey of the political, economic, social, and cultural developments from Reconstruction to the present. Some of the topics covered in detail are industrial growth, the Progressive Era, causes of the depression of 1929, the New Deal, the post-World War II period, and America's relationship to the rest of the world.

32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A focus on the emergence and development of the ideas and institutions that have shaped our Western tradition. Lectures and required readings trace the major political, socioeconomic, and cultural events from the beginnings of recorded history in the ancient Near East through the Greco-Roman period to the end of the Middle Ages. While required of all History A majors, this course is especially designed for freshmen.

32.154 Honors: The Comparative History of World Civilizations (Gen.Ed. Goals 8, 13)

A study of world civilizations from the time of their contact with western societies to the present. Particular emphasis is placed upon the socio-economic, intellectual, political, diplomatic, and cross-cultural influences which have shaped these cultures. Such topics as the industrialization, cultural development, and governmental evolution of the world's major civilizations are covered. The influences of tribalism, and the balances of global power are also treated. Note: The course is designed for students in the Honors Program. It is acceptable for credit toward the History major and may be substituted, by History majors only, for 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.250 Historical Research and Writing

An introduction to the theories and methods of historical research and writing. Required of all History majors. Students should plan to take this course in their sophomore year.

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor

32.302 Colonial America (Gen.Ed.Goal 12)

A study of the transfer of Old World cultures (especially British) to America, their interaction with the New World environment and peoples, and the subsequent evolution of distinctive political, economic, and cultural orders. Community building and related issues of gender, race, and class are emphasized.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.304 The American Revolution

A social, political, military, and diplomatic history of the emerging United States from 1763 to 1787. The course focuses on the causes and consequences of the War of Independence. The revolutionary nature of the period is considered within the context of the larger Atlantic world.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.306 Jeffersonian through Jacksonian America

A study of a vital transitional epoch in American history from the Federalist era to the age of Jackson. Especially stressed is the shift from deferential to greater democracy in politics, economics, and religion. Related matters of social reform, race, and gender are also considered.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction

32.307 A Maritime History of New England

A survey of the sea's legacy from the earliest Indian fishery to the shipbuilding and commerce of today. Course themes include historical, political, and economic developments, with particular attention to insights gleaned from the investigation of shipwrecks, time capsules of discrete moments from New England's past. Classes include visits to museums, a field session at a maritime archaeology site, and guest lectures on current research projects.

Prerequisite: Application to campus representative of the Massachusetts Bay Marine Studies Consortium one semester prior to experience.

32.155 The Comparative History of World Civilizations (Gen.Ed. Goals 8, 13)

A study of world civilizations from the time of their contact with western societies to the present. Particular emphasis is placed upon the socio-economic, intellectual, political, diplomatic, and cross-cultural influences which have shaped these cultures. Such topics as the industrialization, cultural development, and governmental evolution of the world's major civilizations are covered. The influences of tribalism, and the balances of global power are also treated. Note: The course is acceptable for credit toward the History major and may be substituted, by History majors only, for 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.308 American Civil War Era (Gen.Ed. Goal 12)

An intensive analysis of the social, political and economic factors in antebellum America that led to the Civil War, the war itself, and the problems of reconstructing the nation after the war.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.310 Emergence of a Modern Nation

A study of United States history from 1877-1920. Topics include the change in the national spirit from the Gilded Age to the rise of industrialism, imperialism, and World War I. Special emphasis is given to the dominant roles of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in transforming the nation.

32.312 America in Crisis (Gen.Ed.Goal 10)

A study of political, economic, and diplomatic transformations for the United States since 1932. The focus is on the Great Depression, the New Deal, retreat from isolation under Roosevelt, post-World War II foreign and domestic policies, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, and the expanding role of the federal government.

Prerequisite: 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction or a course in American Politics

32.314 United States Diplomatic History

A presentation of the evolution of America's major foreign policies. Among the factors considered in the formulation of American diplomacy are economic concerns, cultural attitudes, the role of individuals, the nation's constitutional basis, as well as foreign events.

Prerequisite: A course in either United States history or American politics

32.316 American Intellectual History

Major trends and characteristics of American thought as expressed in political and economic ideas, theology, philosophy, and literature. Attention is given to such topics as Puritanism, Jeffersonian thought and the liberal tradition, Social Darwinism and its critics, Pragmatism, the Progressive protest, idealism to disillusionment at the time of World War I, intellectual currents in the Twenties, the New Deal and the reconciliation of the intellectual, and post-World War II dilemmas.

32.318 Religion in America (Gen.Ed. Goal 15)

An interdisciplinary study of the growth of a denominational society in the United States. The course is especially concerned with the impact of American environment on religions imported from Europe and elsewhere, the problems posed by modern science, the development of new American faiths, and the contributions of religion to the core values of American culture.

Prerequisite: An introductory course in American history, Western civilization, the sociology of religion or western religion.

32.321 Immigrants, Ethnics, and Racial Minorities in United States History (Gen.Ed. Goal 12)

A study of the history of immigration to the United States from the eighteenth century, the forces of expulsion from the Old World and attraction to the New, and the nation's response to immigrants and their descendants. Native Americans, the English, Germans, Irish, Jews, Mexicans and other Hispanic peoples, Africans, eastern and southern Europeans, Asians, and others who became part of the American people are considered, but from semester to semester different groups are emphasized. The most recent changes in immigration patterns are considered.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction.

32.322 American Presidency (Gen. Ed. Goal 10)

A study of the historical development of the presidency of the United States as reflected in the character, attitudes, political, economic, and social issues facing the chief executives. Major emphasis is on twentieth-century presidents.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction or 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction.

32.326 Women in American History (Gen.Ed. Goal 12)

A study of the changing roles of women from colonial times to the present. Topics include society's stereotypes of women; women's social, family, and work roles; and the effect of legislative and constitutional changes on women.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction or 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction.

32.336 Latin America from the Conquest to the Present (Gen.Ed. Goals 12,13)

A study of the political, social, economic and cultural history treating indigenous antecedents, the colonial period, the independence movement, the emergence of modern states, and contemporary Latin America. Attention is given to both indigenous and Iberian cultural inheritance, the Roman Catholic Church, worker and peasant populism, military authoritarianism, and influence of the United States.

Prerequisite: A survey course in either American history or Western Civilization or permission of the instructor.

32.340 Industrial and Labor History of the United States (Gen.Ed. Goal 10)

A study of the historical development of industry and labor in the U.S. from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. Special emphasis is placed upon the historical forces that helped to foster industrial growth, the social impact of newly-created corporations, the legal milieu that made expansion possible, the growth of organized labor and class consciousness, and the evolution of a unified, integrated monetary and banking system.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction, 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction,or 62.110 Introduction to American Politics.

32.350 Independent Study Tour

Designed to permit the student to learn history both through study and experience, with a travel component. Students meet throughout the semester in order to prepare for the tour and to analyze their travel experience. Reading assignments are comparable to those assigned in advanced courses and all students write of their expectations concerning the social, economic, political, cultural, religious and military aspects of the area under study as derived from printed sources. The second paper, due at the end of the semester, compares what they experienced with their expectations. Note: Students wishing to take the course without credit may register during the semester the course is offered.

32.362 Ancient Greece: From the Homeric through the Hellenistic Age (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A focus on the history of ancient Greece. Topics include the society and thought of the Homeric period; the rise of the polis and the thought of the Archaic age; the Persian wars, the Athenian empire, Periclean Athens, the Peloponnesian wars, and the thought of the fifth century; the empire of Alexander the Great and the thought of the Hellenistic age.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance or another course that includes the Classical period.

32.364 Ancient Rome: The Republic and the Empire (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A focus on the history of ancient Rome from the founding of the Republic to the collapse of the Empire. Topics include the evolution and decline of the Republic, its concept and institutions of government; the reign of Julius Caesar and the rise of Caesarism; the rise of Augustus and the formation of the Empire; relations of the Empire to the Christian church; the decline of the Empire; and the reigns of the emperors Diocletian, Constantine, and Theo-dosius. The contributions of Rome in the fields of political, constitutional, and legal thought and institutions are stressed.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance.

32.366 Medieval Europe: Its Ideas and Institutions (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A focus on the history of western Europe from the periods of the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west and the emergence of the Middle Ages to the decline of the Middle Ages in the fourteenth century. Topics include the settlement of western Europe by the Germanic peoples; the merging of the Germanic, Classical, and the Christian cultures to form the civilization of the Middle Ages; the kingdom of the Franks, the empire of Charlemagne, and Frankish society and thought; feudalism; and the society and thought of the feudal kingdoms of France, England and Germany.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance.

32.368 Intellectual History of Early Europe

An in-depth study of the ideas which represent the contributions of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and the Middle Ages to the intellectual history of Western Europe. Special emphasis is placed upon the Ancient and Medieval concepts of man's nature and destiny.

32.370 Intellectual History of Modern Europe (Gen.Ed. Goal 15)

A sequel to 32.368 Intellectual History of Early Europe, the course evaluates outstanding ideologies which have appeared since the seventeenth century. Within a historical context, developments in science, political theory, philosophy, and the arts are examined. The emergence of modern psychology, sociology, and economics also receives attention. The goal is to identify and appraise the points at which various intellectual pursuits have converged and to determine how ideas are translated into actions. Among the topics considered are the origins of modern rationalism, the scientific revolution, scientific and utopian socialism, conservatism, positivism, anarchism, existentialism, and a variety of counter-cultural movements.

Prerequisite: Junior status, and any two of the following: survey of Western philosophy or political thought, a natural science, a social science, or 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.372 Renaissance and Reformation Europe, 1350-1650

A history of Europe from 1350 to 1650, with particular emphasis on the many faceted change-over from medieval to modern during this period: the decline of the papacy, the growth of the Italian Renaissance, Anglo-French rivalry, the rise of Spain, the Reformation, and the growth of modern science.

32.375 Superpower Diplomacy (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

An examination of European diplomacy since World War I. Special emphasis is on Germany in the 1930's; World War II and the Allied Conferences; the Cold War and the roles played by Washington, Moscow, and Beijing; the emergence of a single Europe; and the diplomatic impact of the end of a superpower rivalry.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, or 32.155 World Civilization and upper class standing.

32.376 History of Modern France (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A study of the political, social, economic, and intellectual development of France since 1789. Particular emphasis is on the Revolution, Napoleon, the political experiments of the nineteenth century, the psychological collapse of the French in the first half of the twentieth century, the rise of Charles DeGaulle, and present day issues.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.378 Modern Britain (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A study of the socio-economic, cultural, and political history of Britain from the seventeenth century to the present. Lectures and readings deal with such topics as Stuart and Georgian England, industrialization, Parliamentary reform, party politics, and the disintegration of the Empire.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.341 Total, Limited, and Cold: America at War in the 20th Century

Examines how wars have shaped the United States' politics, society, and economic policies during the twentieth century. From the Filipino-American War to the Persian Gulf War, America has been fighting much of the century. The concept of warfare has shifted to fit the country's changing role in world affairs, from an isolationist nation in the late nineteenth century to a Superpower after World War II.

32.380 Blood, Iron, and Republics: Germany from 1866 to the Present (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A study of the German state from its unification to the present. Among the topics explored are the following: the general condition of the various German states during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the rise of Prussia, the impact of the Napoleonic conquest, the Revolution of 1848, Bismarck and the formation of the German Empire, the First World War, the failure of the Weimar Republic, Hitler's regime, and the era of the two Germanies. Attention is also given to culture, society, and the economy. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.380 Modern Germany.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.382 Empires in Collision: Southeastern Europe, 1683 to the Present (Gen.Ed. Goal 12)

A study of the Balkan-Anatolian unit since 1683. Emphasis is placed upon the emergence of the Balkan national states, the evolution of native cultures, problems of ethnicity, class, and gender, the involvement of such great powers as Austria and Russia in the region, and the profound changes since World War II. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.382 The Modern Balkan World.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, any course in European international relations since 1815, or any area studies course which introduces the student to the Balkans.

32.383 Making of the Modern Middle East (Gen.Ed. Goal 13)

An examination of social, economic, and political developments in the Middle East since circa A.D.1500. The course covers the rise and fall of the Ottoman and other "Gunpowder" Empires, the expansion of European influence and control, nationalist and socio-religious responses to the West, and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.384 India in the Age of Empire (Gen.Ed. Goals 12, 13)

An introduction to the social, economic, and political history of India from circa A.D. 1500 to 1947. The course examines the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, the establishment and character of the British Raj, the development of modern Indian nationalism, and the crisis of independence and partition. Issues of race and class are emphasized throughout the course.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.385 Portraits in Power

A biographical examination of the rise and development of major leaders in their respective countries or civilizations. This course considers the relationship between leaders and events to determine their influence in the development of history. Specific leaders will vary by semester. Students may take only one section of this course for credit.

Prerequisite: A survey course in either American history or Western Civilization.

32.387 History of South Africa (Gen.Ed. Goals 12, 13)

A study of the social, economic, and political history of South Africa from 1652 to the present. Particular attention is paid to uncovering the patterns of interaction between the peoples of southern Africa that culminated in the crisis of apartheid during the 1970s and 1980s, and to those aspects of the South African experience that may shed light on what may (or may not) happen in contemporary South Africa.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or permission of the instructor.

32.390 History of Modern China (Gen.Ed. Goal 13)

An introduction to the philosophical, societal, economic, and cultural facets of early China. Emphasis is on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries with particular stress on China's cultural and political responses to Westernization. Special attention is given to the People's Republic under Mao and Deng Xiaoping.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, or 32.155 World Civilization, or an Asian area studies course and upperclass standing.

32.392 Africa and the World (Gen.Ed. Goal 13)

An examination of the African continent's relationship with the larger world since antiquity, with particular emphasis on the period since circa A.D.1500. Topics to be discussed include the relationship between geography and human development, indigenous state formation, the colonial experience and decolonization, and the processes and consequences of sub-Saharan Africa's incorporation into the capitalist world economy.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or permission of instructor.

32.444 Seminar in American History

A course in which a small group of students engages in advanced study and original research under the direction of a member of the faculty. In addition to their individual research projects, the students may be expected to produce and to discuss such assignments as book reviews and bibliographic essays. All students concentrating in American history must take at least one seminar in American history. The course is open only to students who are junior, senior, or post-graduate American history concentrators. No transfer course can fulfill this seminar requirement. Topics vary with the instructor, and will be announced for a two-year period. Seminars in addition to the one required may be taken for intermediate-level credit.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance, 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, 32.250 Historical Research and Writing, and two intermediate level history courses (numbered three-hundred or above) in American history.

32.484 Seminar in European/World

A course in which a small group of students engages in advanced study and original research under the direction of a member of the faculty. In addition to their individual research projects, the students may be expected to produce and discuss such assignments as book reviews and bibliographic essays. All students concentrating in European/World History must take at least one seminar in European/World History. The course is open only to students who are junior, senior, or post-graduate European/World History concentrators. No transfer course can fulfill this seminar requirement. Topics vary with the instructor, and are taken for intermediate-level credit.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance, 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, 32.250 Historical Research and Writing, and two intermediate level history courses (numbered three-hundred or above) in European/World History.

32.495 Independent Study in History

A History major who has taken no fewer than six courses in history and whose quality point average in history is at least 3.0 may take an Independent Study under the supervision of a member of the History Department. The following conditions must be met: 1) The topic must be determined in consultation with the faculty member under whose supervision the project is to be accomplished. 2) The topic must be specified, in writing, by the student and must be approved by both the faculty supervisor and the department chair in the semester preceding the initiation of the project. 3) The independent study project counts as one course. 4) No History major may take more than two independent study courses as part of the required six intermediate-division courses.

32.496 Internship in History

Especially recommended and counts as one (1) to four (4) courses depending on the nature of the internship experience. Only two (2) course credits are allowed toward the fulfillment of intermediate-division courses required for the History major. Any remaining course credits are designated as free electives. The internship is limited to junior and senior History majors who have a quality point average of no less than 2.5 in their major and related required subjects and who have been approved by the History Internship Committee, said committee to include the Chair of the History Department as well as the faculty coordinators for the internships. As a supervised field-study experience, the internship is offered in cooperation with participating institutions or individuals who agree to provide professional guidance for student-interns. Most interns are assigned to an eight-to sixteen-week internship which is conventionally a full-time commitment, that is, five days a week and eight hours a day. In that context, students are requested not to be employed outside the internship during the school week (Monday to Friday) and not to take additional courses. A part-time internship may be coordinated with one or two courses during a semester; in no case shall the student earn more than four credits during that semester. The letter grade received for the internship is based on: (1) visitations (usually two, one near the beginning and the other toward the end of the internship) by the faculty coordinator; (2) an evaluation form completed by the supervisor in the field and sent to the Chair of the History Department at the end of the internship; and (3) a written project submitted to the faculty coordinator by the student at the end of the internship. The specific nature of the project is to be determined by the faculty coordinator, the field supervisor, and the student-intern no later than the end of the third week of the internship. Students interested in an internship should consult with their advisor and the Chair of the History Department. Registration must be completed in the semester prior to the beginning of the internship.

32.388 The Path to Modernity: Russia from 1682 to the Present (Gen.Ed. Goal 8)

A broad exploration of imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods. Among the topics stressed are the Rurican, Byzantine, and Muscovite formative influences of the Pre-Petrine era; the modernization of Russia under Peter I and his successors; the growth and development of the intelligentsia during the nineteenth century; the revolutions of 1905 and 1917; the emergence and dissolution of the USSR; and developments within the post-Communist epoch. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.388 Russia: From 1689 to the Present.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.