Chair:  Jon Huibregtse

Professors:  P. Bradley Nutting, Nicholas Racheotes

Associate Professor:  **Jon Huibregtse

Assistant Professors:  Richard Allen, Violaine Chauvet, Cara Delay, Thomas Krainz

**Sabbatical: Spring 2006

The General Education Requirement

All students must satisfy a general education requirement consisting of eleven (11) courses outside of the major department (see page 58 of this catalog). The General Education Goal 8 (Historical Studies) and Constitution Studies requirements are satisfied through the completion of the History major.

Course Prerequisites

Courses may have specified conditions for enrollment, such as prior completion of less advanced courses, permission of the instructor, or appropriate placement test scores. Students should refer to course descriptions in the department listings for prerequisite requirements.

HISTORY MAJOR

The Department of History offers courses for a general introduction to the history of civilization and a more specialized knowledge of particular historical topics and chronological periods. The major must concentrate in either American or European/World history. Within these principal areas, additional concentrations are available. The program has also been designed to permit the student to take a double major if desired. For example, while majoring in History, a student may take the courses required of majors in Politics or Economics.

There is room in the History major’s program to accumulate the five courses leading to a minor in another field. A minor in Secondary Education will lead to teacher licensure in Massachusetts. A student with Massachusetts licensure can teach in more than half of the fifty states. This wide range of choices open to the History major enables the student to prepare not only for graduate studies in history, museum and archival work, library science, or public administration, for example, but also for job opportunities in teaching and in business.

Departmental Requirements for the Major:

Six (6) core courses:

            32.151             United States History to Reconstruction

            32.152             United States History since Reconstruction

            32.153             Western Civilization to the Renaissance

            32.154             Western Civilization since the Renaissance

            32.250             Historical Research and Writing

            32.444             Seminar in American History or

                                    32.484             Seminar in European/World History

All of the above courses, with the exception of the Seminar, should be taken prior to the end of the sophomore year. The Seminar must be in the area of the student’s concentration.

Remaining six (6) courses to be apportioned as follows:

            (a)                    A minimum of two (2) 300-level courses in American history.

            (b)                    A minimum of two (2) 300-level courses in European/World history.

            (c)                    Two other 300-level courses in the student’s choice of concentration.

A maximum of two (2) internships (32.495) and/or independent study courses (32.496)
may be substituted for these two other required 300-level courses.

The Department also offers the major who is interested in more unconventional learning experiences a number of internships and independent-study opportunities.

History majors who anticipate pursuing graduate study in history are strongly encouraged to study a foreign language through at least the intermediate level.

In addition, the History Department encourages its majors to acquire the following skills: personal computer use and/or quantification by means of such courses as 63.120 Introduction to Information Technology, 43.117 Introduction to Statistics, and/or 43.119 Mathematics for the Liberal Arts.

AMERICAN CONCENTRATION (HIA)

Lower division courses: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction and 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance and 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, and 32.250 Historical Research and Writing are required of all History majors and should be taken before they have earned 16 course credits toward graduation.

            32.302             Colonial America

            32.304             The American Revolution

            32.306             Jeffersonian through Jacksonian America

            32.307             Maritime History of New England

            32.308             American Civil War Era

            32.310             Emergence of a Modern Nation

            32.312             America in Crisis

            32.314             United States Diplomatic History

            32.318             Religion in America

            32.321             Immigrants, Ethnics, and Racial Minorities in United States History

            32.326             Women in American History

            32.336             Latin America From the Conquest to the Present

            32.340             Industrial and Labor History of the U.S.

            32.341             Total, Limited, and Cold: America at War in the 20th Century

            32.348             United States Environmental History

            32.495             Independent Study

            32.496             Internship for History majors

Upper division course requirement:

            32.444             Seminar in American History

EUROPEAN/WORLD CONCENTRATION (HIE)

Lower division courses: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction and 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance and 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, and 32.250 Historical Research and Writing are required of all History majors and should be taken before they have earned 16 course credits toward graduation.

            32.351             A History of Modern Science - The Copernican Revolution to Present

            32.362             Ancient Greece: From the Homeric through the Hellenistic Age

            32.364             Ancient Rome: The Republic and the Empire

            32.366             Medieval Europe: Its Ideas and Institutions

            32.368             Intellectual History of Early Europe

            32.370             Intellectual History of Modern Europe

            32.371             Women in Europe, 1500- 2000

            32.375             Superpower Diplomacy

            32.376             History of Modern France

            32.380             Blood, Iron, and Republics: Germany from 1866 to the Present

            32.382             Empires in Collision: Southeastern Europe, 1683 to the Present

            32.383             Making of the Modern Middle East

            32.384             India in the Age of Empire

            32.387             History of South Africa

            32.388             The Path to Modernity: Russia from 1682 to the Present

            32.392             Africa and the World

            32.398             Modern China and Japan

            32.495             Independent Study

            32.496             Internship for History majors

Upper division course requirement:

            32.484             Seminar in European/World History

COORDINATE MAJOR IN EARLY CHILDHOOD OR ELEMENTARY EDUCATION

Students pursuing initial licensure in either Early Childhood or Elementary Education may combine a major in History with the Coordinate Major in Education. The Department also sponsors the Interdisciplinary Major in Social Sciences. For a complete description of these programs, refer to the Education section of the catalog, or consult Dr. Thomas Krainz, May Hall 308 the History Department advisor for Coordinate Majors in Education.

HISTORY MAJOR WITH MINOR IN SECONDARY EDUCATION

The History Department requires that prior to student teaching the student must have taken all of the education courses listed on page 153 of this catalog, plus nine (9) history courses and two (2) social science courses. To be eligible for teacher licensure, state regulations require the study of:

1) at least one region, country, or race outside both Europe and the United States; such courses as

32.336 Latin America from the Conquest to the Present;

32.383 Making of the Modern Middle East;

32.384 India in the Age of Empire;

32.387 History of South Africa;

32.398 Modern China and Japan;

32.392 Africa and the World;

may be used to satisfy department intermediate level requirements;

2) the history and philosophy of science; students must take

32.351 A History of Modern Science - the Copernican Revolution to Present;

3) economics, geography, and government; students must take

12.101 Principles of Macroeconomics,

22.110 World Regional Geography,

62.110 Introduction to American Politics,

as part of their general education requirements.

To enhance their career opportunities, history majors minoring in secondary education are encouraged to study a foreign language beyond the general College requirement of basic knowledge of a language other than one’s own.

MINOR IN HISTORY (5 courses)

Five (5) courses acceptable for a History major (not including internships).

MINOR IN AMERICAN STUDIES (5 courses)

To earn a minor in American Studies, a student must apply in writing to the Chair of either the English or History Departments and have a sequence of courses designed and approved to meet specific goals. Applications are available in the office of either Chair. For the courses in the American Studies program see page 57 of this catalog.

MINOR IN LATIN AMERICAN STUDIES (5 courses) (see page 52 of this catalog)

MINOR IN MUSEUM STUDIES (7 courses) (see page 53 of this catalog) 

History Courses Appropriate for General Education (GEN. ED.)     

Course Descriptions

Lower Division Courses

32.121 History of Boston

A study of the history of Boston from Puritan town to sprawling metropolitan area. Important topics include social structure, religion, political leadership, cultural institutions, and increasing ethnic and racial diversity. Physical changes in the Boston landscape and patterns of suburbanization and neighborhood strength are also examined. This course cannot be counted toward the History major.

32.151 United States History to Reconstruction (Gen. Ed. Goal 10)

A political, economic, social, and cultural survey of American history from the Age of Discovery to Reconstruction. The course covers the movement of the colonies toward revolution and independence, the formulation of the Constitution, and the conflict between nationalism and sectionalism culminating in the Civil War. Note: This is a writing intensive course. Prior completion of 21.110 Expository Writing is recommended. This course fulfills the state law requiring study of the United States and Massachusetts constitutions.

32.152 United States History since Reconstruction (Gen. Ed. Goal 10)

A survey of the political, economic, social, and cultural developments from Reconstruction to the present. Some of the topics covered in detail are industrial growth, the Progressive Era, causes of the depression of 1929, the New Deal, the post-World War II period, and America’s relationship to the rest of the world. Note: This is a writing intensive course. Prior completion of 21.110 Expository Writing is recommended. This course fulfills the state law requiring study of the United States and Massachusetts constitutions.

32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance (Gen. Ed. Goal 8)

A focus on the emergence and development of the ideas and institutions that have shaped our Western tradition. Lectures and required readings trace the major political, socioeconomic, and cultural events from the beginnings of recorded history in the ancient Near East through the Greco-Roman period to the end of the Middle Ages. Note: This is a writing intensive course. Prior completion of 21.110 Expository Writing is recommended.

32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance (Gen. Ed. Goal 8)

A survey of Western Civilization from the Renaissance to the present, with particular emphasis on the socioeconomic, intellectual, political, and diplomatic developments that have shaped our modern culture. Note: This is a writing intensive course. Prior completion of 21.110 Expository Writing is recommended. This course fulfills the state law requiring study of the United States and Massachusetts constitutions.

32.155 The Comparative History of World Civilizations (Gen. Ed. Goals 8, 11)

A study of world civilizations from the time of their contact with western societies to the present. Particular emphasis is placed upon the socio-economic, intellectual, political, diplomatic, and cross-cultural influences which have shaped these cultures. Such topics as the industrialization, cultural development, and governmental evolution of the world’s major civilizations are covered. The influences of tribalism, and the balances of global power are also treated. Note: The course is acceptable for credit toward the History major and may be substituted, by History majors only, for 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.250 Historical Research and Writing

An introduction to the theories and methods of historical research and writing. Required of all History majors. Students should plan to take this course in their sophomore year.

Prerequisite: Permission of the instructor.

Intermediate Division Courses

32.302 Colonial America

A study of the transfer of Old World cultures (especially British) to America, their interaction with the New World environment and peoples, and the subsequent evolution of distinctive political, economic, and cultural orders. Community building and related issues of gender, race, and class are emphasized.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.304 The American Revolution

A social, political, military, and diplomatic history of the emerging United States from 1763 to 1787. The course focuses on the causes and consequences of the War of Independence. The revolutionary nature of the period is considered within the context of the larger Atlantic world.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.306 Jeffersonian through Jacksonian America

A study of a vital transitional epoch in American history from the Federalist era to the age of Jackson. Especially stressed is the shift from deferential to greater democracy in politics, economics, and religion. Related matters of social reform, race, and gender are also considered.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.307 A Maritime History of New England

A survey of the sea’s legacy from the earliest Indian fishery to the shipbuilding and commerce of today. Course themes include historical, political, and economic developments, with particular attention to insights gleaned from the investigation of shipwrecks, time capsules of discrete moments from New England’s past. Classes include visits to museums, a field session at a maritime archaeology site, and guest lectures on current research projects.

Prerequisite: Application to campus representative of the Massachusetts Bay Marine Studies Consortium one semester prior to experience.

32.308 American Civil War Era

An intensive analysis of the social, political and economic factors in antebellum America that led to the Civil War, the war itself, and the problems of reconstructing the nation after the war.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction.

32.310 Emergence of a Modern Nation

A study of United States history from 1877-1920. Topics include the change in the national spirit from the Gilded Age to the rise of industrialism, imperialism, and World War I. Special emphasis is given to the dominant roles of Theodore Roosevelt, Taft, and Wilson in transforming the nation.

32.312 America in Crisis

A study of political, economic and diplomatic transformations of the United States since 1920. The focus is on the roaring twenties, the Great Depression, World War II foreign and domestic policies, the civil rights movement, the Vietnam War, the end of the Cold War, and the expanding role of the federal government.

Prerequisite: 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction or a course in American politics.

32.314 United States Diplomatic History

A presentation of the evolution of America’s major foreign policies. Among the factors considered in the formulation of American diplomacy are economic concerns, cultural attitudes, the role of individuals, the nation’s constitutional basis, as well as foreign events.

Prerequisite: A course in either United States history or American politics.

32.318 Religion in America

An interdisciplinary study of the growth of a denominational society in the United States. The course is especially concerned with the impact of American environment on religions imported from Europe and elsewhere, the problems posed by modern science, the development of new American faiths, and the contributions of religion to the core values of American culture.

Prerequisite: An introductory course in American history, Western civilization, the sociology of religion or western religion.

32.321 Immigrants, Ethnics, and Racial Minorities in United States History

A study of the history of immigration to the United States from the eighteenth century, the forces of expulsion from the Old World and attraction to the New, and the nation’s response to immigrants and their descendants. Native Americans, the English, Germans, Irish, Jews, Mexicans and other Hispanic peoples, Africans, eastern and southern Europeans, Asians, and others who became part of the American people are considered, but from semester to semester different groups are emphasized. The most recent changes in immigration patterns are considered.

Prerequisites: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction.

32.326 Women in American History

A study of the changing roles of women from colonial times to the present. Topics include society’s stereotypes of women; women’s social, family, and work roles; and the effect of legislative and constitutional changes on women.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction or 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction.

32.336 Latin America from the Conquest to the Present

A study of the political, social, economic and cultural history treating indigenous antecedents, the colonial period, the independence movement, the emergence of modern states, and contemporary Latin America. Attention is given to both indigenous and Iberian cultural inheritance, the Roman Catholic Church, worker and peasant populism, military authoritarianism, and influence of the United States.

Prerequisite: A survey course in either American history or Western Civilization or permission of the instructor.

32.340 Industrial and Labor History of the United States

A study of the historical development of industry and labor in the U.S. from the middle of the nineteenth century to the present. Special emphasis is placed upon the historical forces that helped to foster industrial growth, the social impact of newly-created corporations, the legal milieu that made expansion possible, the growth of organized labor and class consciousness, and the evolution of a unified, integrated monetary and banking system.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction, 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction, or 62.110 Introduction to American Politics.

32.341 Total, Limited, and Cold: America at War in the 20th Century

An examination of how wars have shaped the United States’ politics, society, and economic policies during the twentieth century. From the Filipino-American War to the Persian Gulf War, America has been fighting much of the century. The concept of warfare has shifted to fit the country’s changing role in world affairs, from an isolationist nation in the late nineteenth century to a Superpower after World War II.

32.348 United States Environmental History

An historical examination of how people of the United States organized their lives within ecological systems of the area, conceived of their natural world, and reshaped their environment according to human needs. The complex and interdependent relationships among human social, cultural, and political institutions and the natural world receive special emphasis.

Prerequisite: 32.151 U.S. History to Reconstruction or 32.152 U.S. History since Reconstruction; or permission of instructor.

32.350 Historical Studies Tour

A guided tour, or series of tours, of significant sites, cities, or landmarks in the human past. This course also includes traditional or other methods of teaching. Topics vary according to the specialty of the faculty member. Students are expected to prepare in advance for the excursions and are examined on their learning experiences.

Prerequisite: One of the five survey courses (32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance, 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, or 32.155 The Comparative History of World Civilizations) in American or European/World History as appropriate, or permission of instructor.

32.351 A History of Modern Science – The Copernican Revolution to Present

An historical examination of revolution in modern science. After a brief introduction to the structure of scientific revolutions and a comparison of the concepts of political and scientific revolutions, the course deals with major transformations in science from Copernicus to the computer.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or 32.155 The Comparative History of World Civilizations.

32.362 Ancient Greece: From the Homeric through the Hellenistic Age

An examination of the history of ancient Greece. Topics include the society and thought of the Homeric period; the rise of the polis and the thought of the Archaic age; the Persian wars, the Athenian empire, Periclean Athens, the Peloponnesian wars, and the thought of the fifth century; the empire of Alexander the Great and the thought of the Hellenistic age.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance or another course that includes the Classical period.

32.364 Ancient Rome: The Republic and the Empire

An examination of the history of ancient Rome from the founding of the Republic to the collapse of the Empire. Topics include the evolution and decline of the Republic, its concept and institutions of government; the reign of Julius Caesar and the rise of Caesarism; the rise of Augustus and the formation of the Empire; relations of the Empire to the Christian church; the decline of the Empire; and the reigns of the emperors Diocletian, Constantine, and Theodosius. The contributions of Rome in the fields of political, constitutional, and legal thought and institutions are stressed.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance.

32.366 Medieval Europe: Its Ideas and Institutions

A focus on the history of western Europe from the periods of the collapse of the Roman Empire in the west and the emergence of the Middle Ages to the decline of the Middle Ages in the fourteenth century. Topics include the settlement of western Europe by the Germanic peoples; the merging of the Germanic, Classical, and the Christian cultures to form the civilization of the Middle Ages; the kingdom of the Franks, the empire of Charlemagne, and Frankish society and thought; feudalism; and the society and thought of the feudal kingdoms of France, England and Germany.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance.

32.368 Intellectual History of Early Europe

An in-depth study of the ideas which represent the contributions of ancient Greece, ancient Rome, and the Middle Ages to the intellectual history of Western Europe. Special emphasis is placed upon the Ancient and Medieval concepts of man’s nature and destiny.

32.370 Intellectual History of Modern Europe

A sequel to 32.368 Intellectual History of Early Europe, the course evaluates outstanding ideologies which have appeared since the seventeenth century. Within a historical context, developments in science, political theory, philosophy, and the arts are examined. The emergence of modern psychology, sociology, and economics also receives attention. The goal is to identify and appraise the points at which various intellectual pursuits have converged and to determine how ideas are translated into actions. Among the topics considered are the origins of modern rationalism, the scientific revolution, scientific and utopian socialism, conservatism, positivism, anarchism, existentialism, and a variety of counter-cultural movements.

Prerequisite: Junior status, and any two of the following: survey of Western philosophy or political thought, a natural science, a social science, or 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.371 Women in Europe, 1500 - 2000

An historical examination of women’s lives and ideas of gender in Europe. Through an analysis of social, economic, political, religious, intellectual, and cultural developments, this course explores how women have both experienced and shaped European history. Topics covered may include women’s political action, work and the economy, religion, feminism, and family life. Student thus gain a greater understanding not only of women’s lives, but also of the ways in which one can study the history of women and gender.

Prerequisite: 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance or 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance; or permission of the instructor.

32.372 Renaissance and Reformation Europe, 1350-1650

A history of Europe from 1350 to 1650, with particular emphasis on the many faceted change-over from medieval to modern during this period: the decline of the papacy, the growth of the Italian Renaissance, Anglo-French rivalry, the rise of Spain, the Reformation, and the growth of modern science.

32.375 Superpower Diplomacy

An examination of European diplomacy since World War I. Special emphasis is on Germany in the 1930’s; World War II and the Allied Conferences; the Cold War and the roles played by Washington, Moscow, and Beijing; the emergence of a single Europe; and the diplomatic impact of the end of a superpower rivalry.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, or 32.155 World Civilization and upper class standing.

32.376 History of Modern France

A study of the political, social, economic, and intellectual development of France since 1789. Particular emphasis is on the Revolution, Napoleon, the political experiments of the nineteenth century, the psychological collapse of the French in the first half of the twentieth century, the rise of Charles DeGaulle, and present day issues.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.378 Modern Britain

The socio-economic, cultural, and political history of Britain from the seventeenth century to the present. Lectures and readings deal with such topics as Stuart and Georgian England, industrialization, Parliamentary reform, party politics, and the disintegration of the Empire.

32.380 Blood, Iron, and Republics: Germany from 1866 to the Present

A study of the German state from its unification to the present. Among the topics explored are the following: the general condition of the various German states during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, the rise of Prussia, the impact of the Napoleonic conquest, the Revolution of 1848, Bismarck and the formation of the German Empire, the First World War, the failure of the Weimar Republic, Hitler’s regime, and the era of the two Germanies. Attention is also given to culture, society, and the economy. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.380 Modern Germany.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.382 Empires in Collision: Southeastern Europe, 1683 to the Present

A study of the Balkan-Anatolian unit since 1683. Emphasis is placed upon the emergence of the Balkan national states, the evolution of native cultures, problems of ethnicity, class, and gender, the involvement of such great powers as Austria and Russia in the region, and the profound changes since World War II. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.382 The Modern Balkan World.

Prerequisites: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, any course in European international relations since 1815, or any area studies course which introduces the student to the Balkans.

32.383 Making of the Modern Middle East

An examination of social, economic, and political developments in the Middle East since circa A.D.1500. The course covers the rise and fall of the Ottoman and other “Gunpowder” Empires, the expansion of European influence and control, nationalist and socio-religious responses to the West, and the Arab-Israeli conflict.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.384 India in the Age of Empire

An introduction to the social, economic, and political history of India from circa A.D. 1500 to 1947. The course examines the rise and fall of the Mughal Empire, the establishment and character of the British Raj, the development of modern Indian nationalism, and the crisis of independence and partition. Issues of race and class are emphasized throughout the course.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.385 Portraits in Power

A biographical examination of the rise and development of major leaders in their respective countries or civilizations. This course considers the relationship between leaders and events to determine their influence in the development of history. Specific leaders will vary by semester. Students may take only one section of this course for credit.

Prerequisite: A survey course in either American history or Western Civilization.

32.387 History of South Africa

A study of the social, economic, and political history of South Africa from 1652 to the present. Particular attention is paid to uncovering the patterns of interaction between the peoples of southern Africa that culminated in the crisis of apartheid during the 1970s and 1980s, and to those aspects of the South African experience that may shed light on what may (or may not) happen in contemporary South Africa.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or permission of the instructor.

32.388 The Path to Modernity: Russia from 1682 to the Present

A broad exploration of imperial, Soviet, and post-Soviet periods. Among the topics stressed are the Rurican, Byzantine, and Muscovite formative influences of the Pre-Petrine era; the modernization of Russia under Peter I and his successors; the growth and development of the intelligentsia during the nineteenth century; the revolutions of 1905 and 1917; the emergence and dissolution of the USSR; and developments within the post-Communist epoch. Note: Credit will not be given for both this course and 32.388 Russia: From 1689 to the Present.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance.

32.392 Africa and the World

An examination of the African continent’s relationship with the larger world since antiquity, with particular emphasis on the period since circa A.D. 1500. Topics to be discussed include the relationship between geography and human development, indigenous state formation, the colonial experience and decolonization, and the processes and consequences of sub-Saharan Africa’s incorporation into the capitalist world economy.

Prerequisite: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or permission of instructor.

32.398 Modern China and Japan

An introduction to the philosophical, societal, political, economic, and cultural facets of modern China and Japan. The main emphasis is on the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. Special attention is given to the rise of Communism in China and the economic regulating of Japan since 1945.

Prerequisites: 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance or 32.155 Comparative History of World Civilizations. Note: Students may not receive credit for both 32.390 History of Modern China and 32.398 Modern China and Japan.

Upper Division Courses

32.444 Seminar in American History

A course in which a small group of students engages in advanced study and original research under the direction of a member of the faculty. In addition to their individual research projects, the students may be expected to produce and to discuss such assignments as book reviews and bibliographic essays. All students concentrating in American history must take at least one seminar in American history. The course is open only to students who are junior, senior, or post-graduate American history concentrators. No transfer course can fulfill this seminar requirement. Topics vary with the instructor, and will be announced for a two-year period. Seminars in addition to the one required may be taken for intermediate-level credit.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance, 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, 32.250 Historical Research and Writing, and two intermediate level history courses (numbered three-hundred or above) in American history.

32.484 Seminar in European/World History

A course in which a small group of students engages in advanced study and original research under the direction of a member of the faculty. In addition to their individual research projects, the students may be expected to produce and discuss such assignments as book reviews and bibliographic essays. All students concentrating in European/World History must take at least one seminar in European/World History. The course is open only to students who are junior, senior, or post-graduate European/World History concentrators. No transfer course can fulfill this seminar requirement. Topics vary with the instructor, and are taken for intermediate-level credit.

Prerequisite: 32.151 United States History to Reconstruction, 32.152 United States History since Reconstruction, 32.153 Western Civilization to the Renaissance, 32.154 Western Civilization since the Renaissance, 32.250 Historical Research and Writing, and two intermediate level history courses (numbered three-hundred or above) in European/World History.

32.495 Independent Study in History

A History major who has taken no fewer than six courses in history and whose quality point average in history is at least 3.0 may take an Independent Study under the supervision of a member of the History Department. The following conditions must be met: 1) The topic must be determined in consultation with the faculty member under whose supervision the project is to be accomplished. 2) The topic must be specified, in writing, by the student and must be approved by both the faculty supervisor and the department chair in the semester preceding the initiation of the project. 3) The independent study project counts as one course. 4) No History major may take more than two independent study courses as part of the required six intermediate-division courses.

32.496 Internship in History

Especially recommended and counts as one (1) to four (4) courses depending on the nature of the internship experience. Only two (2) course credits are allowed toward the fulfillment of intermediate-division courses required for the History major. Any remaining course credits are designated as free electives. The internship is limited to junior and senior History majors who have a quality point average of no less than 2.5 in their major and related required subjects and who have been approved by the History Internship Committee, said committee to include the Chair of the History Department as well as the faculty coordinators for the internships. As a supervised field-study experience, the internship is offered in cooperation with participating institutions or individuals who agree to provide professional guidance for student-interns. Most interns are assigned to an eight-to sixteen-week internship which is conventionally a full-time commitment, that is, five days a week and eight hours a day. In that context, students are requested not to be employed outside the internship during the school week (Monday to Friday) and not to take additional courses. A part-time internship may be coordinated with one or two courses during a semester; in no case shall the student earn more than four credits during that semester. The letter grade received for the internship is based on: (1) visitations (usually two, one near the beginning and the other toward the end of the internship) by the faculty coordinator; (2) an evaluation form completed by the supervisor in the field and sent to the Chair of the History Department at the end of the internship; and (3) a written project submitted to the faculty coordinator by the student at the end of the internship. The specific nature of the project is to be determined by the faculty coordinator, the field supervisor, and the student-intern no later than the end of the third week of the internship. Students interested in an internship should consult with their advisor and the Chair of the History Department. Registration must be completed in the semester prior to the beginning of the internship.